If you look at the underlying data of that study you see most of it is underpricing. These are some examples of things we don't normally call subsidies here and very little about gasoline here in the us which was what i thought we were talking about.
Differences between efficient prices and retail prices for fossil fuels are large and pervasive across fuels, but especially for coal. Globally, 80 percent of coal consumption was priced at below half of its efficient level in 2022.
▪ Underpricing for local air pollution and global warming account for nearly 60 percent of global fossil fuel subsidies and underpricing for supply costs and transportation externalities (such as congestion) explain another 35 percent (the remainder is accounted for by forgone consumption tax revenue).
▪ By fuel product, undercharging for oil products accounts for nearly half the subsidy, coal another 30 percent, and natural gas nearly 20 percent (underpricing for electricity accounts for the remainder).
This paper provides a comprehensive global, regional, and country-level update of: (i) efficient fossil fuel prices to reflect supply and environmental costs; and (ii) subsidies implied by charging below efficient fuel prices. Globally, fossil fuel subsidies were $7 trillion in 2022 or 7.1...
www.imf.org
then download the pdf
I didn't dig into what is meant by entirely underpricing, i guess some countries like china set the retail price at whatever they want, i don't know. OPEC supply constraints keep gas high, so to me a true free market would see lower prices. Additionally our gasoline prices are also affected by things other than the world price of oil. Refining cost, transportation, etc. So there is very much a local supply and demand curve for gasoline
Every product made has some environmental cost which in this analysis is a subsidy. My post here has a subsidy for the power i am using. We can't control what other countries do either
I do like their recommendation of a carbon tax however. Get rid of all the other gov. regs for cars and add a $1 a gallon gas tax and be done with it.