In Guatemala today (January 15) is a huge holiday -- “the feast of the Black Christ of Esquipulas.” Commissioned in 1595 by the indians of said city to a sculptor named Quirio Cataño, at a price of 400 reales. His devotion spread rapidly and to this day it's fervent and the miracles attributed numerous.” (Quote from a now defunct twitter account)
“Douglass Sullivan-González's ‘The Black Christ of Esquipulas: Religion and Identity in Guatemala’ seeks to demonstrate how the turbulent political history of Guatemala found itself reflected in perceptions of this constantly darkening Catholic shrine. Over time, “devotional faith and candle smoke transformed the figure from a light-toned Jesus to a blackened Christ,” a material metamorphosis that “highlighted how ethnic tensions fueled political conflict and controversy” (pp. 2, 9). However, rather than a study of popular devotion, the book focuses on how political power brokers attempted to formulate popular understandings of the figure throughout Guatemala's history and how they treated its coloration based on the political and ideological concerns of the moment.
The Christ arrived in Esquipulas at the end of the sixteenth century, but Sullivan-González's analysis begins in earnest two centuries later. He briefly discusses the appearance of the shrine's first origin story in the seventeenth century and highlights the fact that devotion to the image crossed ethnic boundaries, including indigenous, Spaniards, and ladinos, by the end of that same century. The appearance of the first devotional material about the figure in the eighteenth century lauded its miraculous healing abilities and considered its darkened color as a reminder to the faithful of their own sinfulness. Moving hastily through the colonial period to Guatemala's first years of independence, Sullivan-González turns his attention to the parish priest of Esquipulas, Miguel Muñoz, who strove to defend the shrine in the face of the Liberal offensive. He courted the devotion of elite whites, among whom the shrine's popularity was waning, by proffering a more rational understanding of the shrine, especially regarding its origins and miracle-working capabilities. This “theological marketing,” argues Sullivan-González, inadvertently expressed concern about the apparent correlation between the darkening color of the image and the darkening color of its devotees (p. 77). Augmenting the anxiety of traditional elites was the ascendancy of Conservative Rafael Carrera, thanks to a coalition of ladinos and Amerindians. The color of the Crucified Christ of Esquipulas, while largely unproblematic in the eighteenth century, had by the nineteenth taken on new meaning as its devotees proved themselves a political force.
By the end of the nineteenth century, with the return of Liberals to power and their encouragement of Protestantism in Guatemala, the Christ of Esquipulas was forced to compete in a radically changed religious market. In response, the parish priest Juan Paz Solórzano initiated a “dramatic housecleaning and defense of the shrine” (p. 118). His efforts ultimately returned the figure to national prominence, in part, by institutionalizing its miraculous nature, which had been previously sidelined. However, it was the recently arrived Protestants who sought to denigrate the image by using “a negative association of blackness with what was purported to be holy” (p. 124). Following the 1944 revolution, the archbishop Mariano Rossell y Arellano attempted to deploy the Christ as a symbol of anti-Communism in the face of the revolutionary platforms of Juan José Arévalo and, later, Jacobo Arbenz. Discussion related to the coloration of the Christ was unnecessary for this purpose and was therefore minimized or excised. Finally, by the last half of the twentieth century the moniker Black Christ of Esquipulas was accepted by lay and ecclesiastical authorities alike. What had originated in the late nineteenth century as a Protestant condemnation of the figure, namely, its blackened color, was transformed into the language of Catholic adoration by the twentieth century.” Excerpted from Jessica J. Fowler’s ‘Hispanic American Historical Review’ ‘take’ on ‘The Black Christ of Esquipulas: Religion and Identity in Guatemala.’