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Something Crucial Didn’t Happen in the Gulf of Panama This Year
A new study suggests changes in wind patterns may have caused a striking ecological failure in Central America.

The Gulf of Panama has experienced an annual wind-driven oceanographic phenomenon called upwelling for at least as long as records of it have existed. In 2025, however, seasonal upwelling failed, and the consequences could be drastic.
In a study published Tuesday in the journal PNAS, a Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute-led team suggests that weakening trade winds caused upwelling to fail in the Gulf of Panama this year for the first time in at least four decades. Consequently, the gulf’s waters did not experience the usual lowered temperatures, and fisheries were less productive.
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“The Gulf of Panama’s (GOP) seasonal upwelling system has consistently delivered cool, nutrient-rich waters via northerly trade winds every January–April for at least 40 [years]. Here, we document the failure of this normally highly predictable phenomenon in 2025,” the researchers wrote in the study.
“Data suggest that the cause was a reduction in Panama wind-jet frequency, duration, and strength, possibly related to the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) position during the 2024–2025 La Niña, though the mechanisms remain unclear,” the researchers added.